Research library
The research library
Every primary source behind a claim on this site, tier-graded for provenance and tagged for the strength of the evidence it carries.
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- 221
- Peptides covered
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Reset allT2·Peer-secondary literature
Peer-reviewed reviews and cohort/observational work — context, not bedrock.
16 sources
- 2026Mechanisticmoderate
Semaglutide Reverses Ectopic Lipid Accumulation, Impaired Myocardial Perfusion Reserve, and Diastolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Cardiometabolic Heart Disease
Skacel TP, Saleh NR, Pavelec CM, +3 · JACC Basic to Translational Science
In a pair-fed mouse design that isolates weight-independent effects, semaglutide reversed obesity-induced cardiometabolic heart disease — reducing proinflammatory epicardial adipose, ectopic lipid, and myocardial fibrosis, and restoring myocardial perfusion reserve and diastolic strain — while pair-fed controls matched for reduced caloric intake did not.
- 2020Mechanisticmoderate
The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action
Mitchell W, Ng EA, Tamucci JD, +9 · Journal of Biological Chemistry
Biophysical and molecular-dynamics analysis showed SS-31 partitions into the membrane interfacial region with affinity proportional to surface charge, does not destabilise bilayer structure, and modulates surface electrostatics — refining the Birk 2013 cardiolipin-binding mechanism into a broader 'membrane electrostatic modulation' framework.
- 2020Mechanisticmoderate
Predominance of Nootropic or Anxiolytic Effects of Selank, Semax, and Noopept Peptides Depending on the Route of Administration to BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice
Vasileva EV, Kondrakhin EA, Abdullina AA, +2 · Neurochemical Journal
The Zakusov Institute's mouse-strain replication of the Manchenko 2010 route-dissociation finding, extended to three peptides (Selank, Semax, Noopept) across two routes (i.p. vs i.n.) and two genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, C57BL/6). In BALB/c — but not in C57BL/6 — anxiolytic efficacy is higher after intraperitoneal injection while nootropic efficacy is higher after intranasal administration.
- 2020Mechanisticmoderate
The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats
Vukojevic J, Vrdoljak B, Malekinusic D, +8 · Brain and Behavior
The Sikiric Zagreb group's bilateral-carotid-clamp stroke model in Wistar rats: 10 µg/kg BPC 157 applied as a topical 1 mL bath 30 seconds after a 20-minute reperfusion start prevented hippocampal red-neuron death, restored Morris water maze / beam-walk / lateral-push performance, and shifted the NO-synthase gene-expression panel toward the cytoprotective constitutive isoforms (Nos3, Nos1 up; Nos2 down) — the corpus's load-bearing post-2018 mechanistic candidate for BPC-157 in stroke.
- 2017Mechanisticmoderate
Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis
Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, +6 · Molecular Therapy
Hyaluronic-acid-functionalised polymeric nanoparticles delivered KPV to inflamed colonic tissue at a 12,000-fold lower effective concentration than the free tripeptide and accelerated mucosal healing in DSS colitis — proof-of-concept that the KPV translational problem may be delivery rather than activity.
- 2016Mechanisticmoderaten=30
Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission
Volkova A, Shadrina M, Kolomin T, +4 · Frontiers in Pharmacology
Forty-five genes changed expression 1 hour after a single intranasal 300 µg/kg dose of Selank in rat frontal cortex, with strong positive correlation (r=0.86) to GABA's own effect pattern; by 3 hours, Selank uniquely drove a 128-fold increase in hypocretin (Hcrt) expression — a candidate explanation for why Selank does not produce the sedation that benzodiazepines do.
- 2013Mechanisticsuggestive
Short cell-penetrating peptides: a model of interactions with gene promoter sites
Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS, +3 · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
The Khavinson group's molecular-modeling proposal for how short peptides like Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) could bind specific DNA promoter motifs — the in-silico mechanism that the rest of the Khavinson program leans on whenever it claims a four-residue peptide can drive selective gene expression.
- 2010Mechanisticmoderate
The nootropic and analgesic effects of Semax given via different routes
Manchenko DM, Glazova NYu, Levitskaya NG, +3 · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
The Manchenko / Glazova / Levitskaya route-dissociation paper: intraperitoneal Semax produces both nootropic and analgesic effects in white rats with different dose-response curves, while intranasal Semax produces a stronger nootropic effect than i.p. but no analgesic effect at all — the operational basis for Semax's clinical nasal-drop route convention.
- 2005Mechanisticstrong
Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (hGRF)1-29-Albumin Bioconjugates Activate the GRF Receptor on the Anterior Pituitary in Rats: Identification of CJC-1295 as a Long-Lasting GRF Analog
Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, +3 · Endocrinology
CJC-1295 was identified as the lead compound from a panel of three hGRF(1-29)-albumin bioconjugates — present in rat plasma beyond 72 hours and producing a fourfold increase in GH AUC versus unmodified hGRF(1-29). This is the molecule's origin story.
- 2004Mechanisticstrong
Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist
Pfaus JG, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, +2 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
PT-141 selectively increased appetitive sexual behaviors — solicitations and hops-and-darts — in ovariectomized female rats without affecting lordosis, pacing, locomotion, or place preference, the first pharmacological evidence that central melanocortin agonism modulates sexual desire specifically rather than reflexive sexual response.
- 2003Mechanisticmoderate
The optimizing action of the synthetic peptide Selank on a conditioned active avoidance reflex in rats
Kozlovskii II, Danchev ND · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
Selank at 300 µg/kg significantly activated learning in rats with initially poor learning ability, with effects visible after the first dose on training day 1; in normal-learning rats the peak effect appeared on day 3 of repeated administration. The cognitive-optimization companion to the anxiolytic mechanism papers.
- 2002Mechanisticmoderate
Effects of Selank on behavioral reactions and activities of plasma enkephalin-degrading enzymes in mice with different phenotypes of emotional and stress reactions
Sokolov OYu, Meshavkin VK, Kost NV, +1 · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
The bridge between Kost 2001 in vitro mechanism and Zozulya 2008 clinical biomarker: in BALB/c mice (high anxiety phenotype), 100 µg/kg Selank produced an anxiolytic effect and prolonged plasma leu-enkephalin half-life; in C57BL/6 mice (low anxiety phenotype), it did neither. Strain-dependent responsivity consistent with an opioidergic mechanism.
- 2001Mechanisticmoderate
Semax and Selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes of human serum
Kost NV, Sokolov OYu, Gabaeva MV, +3 · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
The foundational mechanism paper: Semax and Selank inhibit human serum enkephalin-degrading enzymes in vitro with IC50 values of 10 µM and 20 µM respectively — roughly three orders of magnitude more potent than the standard inhibitor puromycin (IC50 10 mM).
- 2000Mechanisticmoderate
The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures
Siméon A, Emonard H, Hornebeck W, +1 · Life Sciences
GHK-Cu raised MMP-2 levels, MMP-2 mRNA, and TIMP-1/TIMP-2 secretion in fibroblast cultures — and the effect was driven by the copper ion rather than the bare tripeptide. The second-pillar mechanistic primary establishing GHK-Cu as a coordinated matrix-remodelling signal rather than a one-way collagen-deposition driver.
- 1998Mechanisticmoderate
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB activation induced by various inflammatory agents
Manna SK, Aggarwal BB · Journal of Immunology
The foundational in-vitro demonstration that alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide KPV block NF-κB activation across diverse stimuli — TNF-α, IL-1, phorbol ester, hydrogen peroxide, LPS, ceramide, and okadaic acid — at low nanomolar concentrations, inhibiting IκBα degradation and blocking p65 nuclear translocation in human myeloid and lymphoid cell lines.
- 1988Mechanisticmoderate
Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+
Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, +3 · FEBS Letters
The foundational mechanistic primary: GHK-Cu stimulated fibroblast collagen synthesis with peak activity at 10⁻⁹ M, independent of any change in cell number — and the GHK triplet sequence exists inside the alpha-2(I) collagen chain itself, suggesting GHK is liberated by wound-site proteases to drive in-situ repair.