Peptide encyclopedia
Every compound indexed here carries mechanism, route of administration, half-life, legal status, and the primary sources backing every claim — graded and dated.
- Compounds
- 75
- Source links
- 249
- Therapeutic classes
- 10
- Matching filter
- 38
F·Filter
Reset allHealing & repair
Tissue repair, angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory cytoprotection.
4 compounds
01
Research use only
BPC-157
Body Protective Compound 157 · PL 14736
BPC-157 has the deepest mechanistic literature of any peptide on this site — and almost no human RCTs.
Half-life·~4 hours plasma half-life when injected subcutaneously; biol…
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02
Research use only
GHK-Cu
Copper tripeptide-1 · GHK-copper · et al.
GHK-Cu is the only peptide on this list with mainstream cosmetic adoption — three decades of topical RCTs in photoaged skin, paired with a deeper preclinical literature on tissue regeneration than is widely appreciated outside dermatology.
Half-life·Topical exposure dominates clinical use; systemic plasma hal…
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03
Research use only
KPV
Lys-Pro-Val · Lysine-Proline-Valine · et al.
KPV's mechanistic case for inflammatory bowel disease is one of the cleanest in the corpus — orally bioavailable, transporter-targeted, NF-κB-suppressive — and almost the entire human evidence base is yet to be written.
Half-life·Plasma half-life is brief (minutes); the published anti-infl…
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04
Research use only
TB-500
Thymosin β4 · Thymosin beta-4 · et al.
TB-500 stacks with BPC-157 in the most common practitioner repair protocol, but the human evidence base is even thinner than BPC-157's — the bulk of what's published describes thymosin β4 in cell-line and rodent cardiac and dermal repair models.
Half-life·~2 hours plasma half-life on subcutaneous administration; ti…
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GH secretagogue
Pulsed growth-hormone release via the GHRH / ghrelin pathways.
7 compounds
01
Research use only
CJC-1295
CJC-1295 with DAC · DAC:GRF · et al.
CJC-1295 with DAC produces 2- to 10-fold elevations in plasma GH for six days and 1.5- to 3-fold elevations in IGF-1 for nine to eleven days from a single subcutaneous injection — the longest sustained GH-axis stimulus of any peptide on this site.
Half-life·~6 to 8 days plasma half-life with the DAC moiety; the non-D…
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02
Research use only
GHRP-2
pralmorelin · GHRP-6 · et al.
GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 are first-generation ghrelin-receptor agonists with rich Bowers-group human pharmacology — and the cortisol, prolactin, and appetite spillover findings are the reason the modern selective-secretagogue stack moved to Ipamorelin instead.
Half-life·Plasma half-life roughly 20 minutes after intravenous admini…
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03
Research use only
Ghrelin
ghrelin · octanoyl-ghrelin · et al.
Ghrelin is the reference molecule for the entire ghrelin-mimetic class — every GHRP and small-molecule GHSR-1a agonist on this site is engineered to mimic some subset of its pharmacology, and native ghrelin's own clinical use remains essentially investigator-only six years past the molecular identification of its required acylation enzyme.
Half-life·Plasma half-life of the acylated form is approximately 10 to…
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04
Research use only
Hexarelin
Examorelin · EP-23905
Hexarelin has the deepest published human pharmacology of any GHRP — and the cortisol, prolactin, and tachyphylaxis findings are the reason the modern selective-secretagogue stack moved to Ipamorelin instead.
Half-life·Plasma terminal half-life approximately 55 minutes after int…
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05
Research use only
IGF-1 LR3
Long Arg3 IGF-1 · R3 IGF-1 · et al.
The molecule was engineered specifically to evade IGFBP sequestration and extend the free-active half-life of IGF-1 in circulation. The preclinical anabolic biology that follows from that engineering is well characterized. Published human pharmacology of IGF-1 LR3 specifically is essentially absent — the closest clinical evidence base is for native IGF-1 in pediatric growth-failure syndromes, a different molecule and a different population.
Half-life·Published practitioner literature and recombinant-protein ve…
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06
Research use only
Ipamorelin
NNC 26-0161
Ipamorelin's distinguishing feature is what it does not do — no meaningful elevation of cortisol, prolactin, or ACTH at doses 200-fold above the threshold for GH release.
Half-life·~2 hours plasma half-life; the GH pulse is brief but the dow…
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07
Research use only
MK-677
Ibutamoren · Ibutamoren mesylate · et al.
MK-677 is the GH-secretagogue most biohackers actually try, because it works orally — and the only one with a 65-patient two-year RCT (Nass et al., Annals 2008) measuring what daily dosing in older adults actually does.
Half-life·~4 to 6 hours plasma half-life with oral dosing; the GH and …
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Metabolic / GLP-1
GLP-1 receptor agonists and the obesity / diabetes pharmacology cluster.
9 compounds
01
Research use only
5-Amino-1MQ
5-amino-1-methylquinolinium · 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide · et al.
5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule, not a peptide — and despite vigorous biohacker interest in oral body-recomposition use, the published human evidence base is zero trials.
Half-life·Plasma half-life and oral bioavailability in humans have not…
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02
Research use only
AOD-9604
Anti-Obesity Drug 9604 · Tyr-hGH(177-191) · et al.
The only peptide on this site whose pivotal trial conclusively failed — and the one most commonly stacked into compounded weight-loss protocols anyway. The page exists to reconcile that gap.
Half-life·~30 minutes plasma half-life following intravenous administr…
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03
Research use only
Apraglutide
FE 203799 · apraglutide · et al.
The once-weekly successor to teduglutide — same mechanism, longer half-life, positive Phase III primary endpoint, and an unusually instructive regulatory holdup that turns on dose preparation rather than efficacy.
Half-life·~30–50 hours plasma elimination half-life in humans after su…
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04
Research use only
Cagrilintide
AM833 · AM-833 · et al.
In REDEFINE-1 (n=3,417), CagriSema produced a 22.7% mean weight loss at 68 weeks under the trial-product estimand — below Novo Nordisk's stated 25% target, with cagrilintide-alone delivering 11.8% versus semaglutide-alone 16.1%.
Half-life·~159–195 hours (roughly 6.6–8.1 days) in healthy adults acro…
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05
Research use only
GIP
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide · gastric inhibitory peptide · et al.
Physiological GIP was the metabolic peptide that was historically considered a 'fat hormone' for its lipid-storage promotion in adipose tissue — and yet pharmacological GIP-receptor agonism inside tirzepatide produces weight loss, not weight gain. The resolution of that paradox is the editorial center of why the dual-agonist class outperforms GLP-1 monoagonism.
Half-life·~7 minutes plasma half-life for native intact GIP(1-42); rap…
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06
Research use only
GLP-1
glucagon-like peptide-1 · GLP-1 · et al.
GLP-1 is the reference molecule for the most clinically successful peptide drug class of the 21st century; its 1-to-2-minute plasma half-life is the single pharmacokinetic constraint every commercial GLP-1 receptor agonist is engineered to solve.
Half-life·~1 to 2 minutes intravenous plasma half-life in humans, with…
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07
Research use only
GLP-2
glucagon-like peptide-2 · GLP-2 · et al.
The reference molecule for the intestinotrophic peptide class — a 33-residue proglucagon fragment whose seven-minute plasma half-life is precisely the design problem teduglutide and apraglutide were engineered to solve.
Half-life·~7 minutes plasma elimination half-life in humans by intrave…
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08
Research use only
Pemvidutide
ALT-801 · pemvidutide
Pemvidutide is the third GLP-1 / glucagon dual agonist with positive Phase 2b MASH and Phase 2 obesity readouts — Altimmune's smaller-cap entrant in the same engineered-pharmacology class as Boehringer's survodutide and Lilly's mazdutide, distinguished by a balanced 1:1 receptor-engagement ratio, an unusually preserved lean-mass body-composition signature in MOMENTUM, and a Phase 3 readiness contingent on a single-sponsor financing and execution path.
Half-life·~one week; EuPort glycolipid conjugation drives near-quantit…
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09
Research use only
Survodutide
BI 456906 · NN1177
Survodutide is the GLP-1 / glucagon dual agonist whose Phase 2 obesity readout reached −14.9% mean weight loss at 46 weeks and whose Phase 2 MASH readout produced histologic MASH resolution in 62% of the 4.8-mg group versus 14% on placebo — the two trial results that anchor the most-anticipated Phase 3 program in the metabolic-hepatic pipeline outside of retatrutide.
Half-life·~132–179 hours (roughly 5.5–7.5 days) across the clinical do…
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Cognitive
Nootropic and neuroprotective compounds with hippocampal action.
6 compounds
01
Research use only
Dihexa
PNB-0408 · N-hexanoyl-Tyr-Ile-(6)aminohexanoic amide
Dihexa is the most ambitious cognitive peptide in this corpus and the one with the largest evidence gap — preclinical synaptogenesis and Alzheimer's-model results that landed on covers, paired with zero published human trials.
Half-life·~10 days plasma half-life in rodents on oral administration;…
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02
Research use only
Fosgonimeton
ATH-1017 · NDX-1017 · et al.
Fosgonimeton is the clinical-development case study in the dihexa pharmacology lineage — a small-molecule HGF/MET modulator engineered for subcutaneous bioavailability that reached a 554-patient Phase 2/3 in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease and missed every prespecified clinical endpoint despite moving p-tau217 in the direction the mechanism predicted.
Half-life·Subcutaneously administered prodrug rapidly converted to the…
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03
Research use only
GPE
Glycyl-Prolyl-Glutamate · Gly-Pro-Glu · et al.
GPE is unusual in this corpus: the parent peptide has thirty years of preclinical neuroprotection data and no human controlled trials of native GPE for any indication, while its engineered analog became the first FDA-approved drug for Rett syndrome in 2023. The gray-market case rides on the clinical-development success of a related molecule, not on its own.
Half-life·Plasma half-life of native GPE is short — minutes in rodent …
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04
Research use only
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide · PACAP-38 · et al.
PACAP is the second-validated migraine-mechanism neuropeptide after CGRP — the same trigeminal-sensory-nerve release, the same migraine-provocation result when infused into migraineurs, and the same antibody-blockade therapeutic strategy that produced the CGRP class. The Lundbeck HOPE Phase 2 (NEJM 2024) is the first controlled-trial evidence that anti-PACAP blockade reduces monthly migraine days in patients who failed the CGRP class.
Half-life·Plasma half-life of intravenously infused PACAP-38 is short …
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05
Research use only
Selank
TKPRPGP · Selanc
Selank's evidence base is real but parallel — three decades of Russian clinical use sits alongside a much thinner Western peer-reviewed literature, and both belong on the page.
Half-life·Plasma half-life is brief (minutes), but the rodent and clin…
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06
Research use only
Semax
MEHFPGP · ACTH(4-7) Pro-Gly-Pro · et al.
Semax sits in the same evidence-depth gap as Selank — three decades of Russian clinical use in stroke and cognitive indications alongside a much thinner Western peer-reviewed literature, and the page covers both honestly.
Half-life·Plasma half-life is brief (minutes); the protective Pro-Gly-…
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Immune
Immunomodulation, thymopoiesis, mucosal repair.
3 compounds
01
Research use only
ARA-290
Cibinetide · Pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide · et al.
ARA-290 is a rare design success — eleven amino acids drawn from erythropoietin's helix B that engage the tissue-protective receptor without touching the hematopoietic one — paired with a clinical-development program that produced legitimate Phase II signals and then stalled before any Phase III.
Half-life·~20 minutes terminal plasma half-life on subcutaneous admini…
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02
Research use only
LL-37
Cathelicidin · hCAP-18 · et al.
LL-37 is the textbook endogenous antimicrobial peptide and the molecular bridge between the vitamin D literature and innate immunity — and the same biology that makes it interesting in chronic infection also implicates it in psoriasis, lupus, and rosacea pathology. Gray-market subcutaneous use lacks both an efficacy database and a clean safety record.
Half-life·Plasma half-life of native LL-37 is short — minutes — owing …
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03
Research use only
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
VIP · vasoactive intestinal peptide · et al.
VIP is a real neuropeptide with characterised receptor pharmacology, the most-rigorously-tested peptide in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress — and the most-rigorous trial program ended with negative primary endpoints and an FDA EUA rejection, while the parallel off-label CIRS and long-COVID use case has accumulated practitioner observation but no controlled-trial support.
Half-life·Plasma half-life is short — approximately two minutes — whic…
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Longevity
Pineal-axis modulation and senescence-targeted compounds.
1 compound
Sleep
Sleep-architecture modulators and HPA-axis stabilization.
1 compound
Mitochondrial
Mitochondrial-membrane and bioenergetics-axis peptides.
1 compound
Other
Compounds outside the primary corpus classes.
6 compounds
01
Research use only
C-peptide
proinsulin C-peptide · connecting peptide · et al.
C-peptide is the cautionary tale of how a real mechanism, decades of academic interest, and multiple positive Phase II readouts can still produce a negative pivotal trial — the 'almost made it' peptide in diabetic neuropathy.
Half-life·~30 minutes plasma half-life for native human C-peptide on s…
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02
Research use only
Follistatin
FST · FS-288 · et al.
The preclinical case for follistatin in muscle hypertrophy is one of the strongest in any peptide category — and the human pharmacology of the gray-market peptide itself is essentially blank. The clinically-grounded data in this pathway sits on the antibody and gene-therapy side, where the failure track record is substantial.
Half-life·Native human FST-315 has a terminal serum half-life of appro…
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03
Research use only
Kisspeptin
KP54 · KP-54 · et al.
The strongest mechanism story in the HPG-axis-restoration class — and the smallest chronic-dosing evidence base of any peptide marketed for it.
Half-life·Kisspeptin-54 plasma half-life is approximately 27.6 minutes…
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04
Research use only
Larazotide
AT-1001 · INN-202 · et al.
Larazotide is the case study the gut-permeability peptide field has had to absorb — a positive Phase IIb signal that did not survive Phase III futility analysis, and a mechanism whose own academic literature has become contested in the same window.
Half-life·Oral, acid-resistant, designed for luminal action in the sma…
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05
Research use only
Melanotan II
MT-II · MT2 · et al.
Melanotan II is the peptide on this site with the most adverse-event case-report literature: melanoma, dysplastic nevi, priapism, rhabdomyolysis, renal infarction, persistent mucosal hyperpigmentation. The pharmacology that drove its commercial appeal is the same pharmacology that produced the FDA-approved spin-off PT-141 at a fraction of the systemic receptor exposure.
Half-life·Plasma half-life approximately 30 to 60 minutes on subcutane…
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06
Research use only
Olcegepant
BIBN 4096 BS · olcegepant
Olcegepant is the proof-of-concept that opened the CGRP-receptor antagonist class — and the molecule that did not reach the market, because intravenous-only dosing made oral formulation impossible and the first-generation oral gepants that followed (telcagepant, MK-3207) were discontinued for hepatotoxicity that the second-generation gepants were specifically engineered around.
Half-life·Terminal plasma half-life of approximately 2.5 hours after s…
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