Research library
The research library
Every primary source behind a claim on this site, tier-graded for provenance and tagged for the strength of the evidence it carries.
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Reset allT2·Peer-secondary literature
Peer-reviewed reviews and cohort/observational work — context, not bedrock.
48 sources
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=348,649
Integrated Evidence from VigiBase and Clinical Trials: A Comprehensive Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Seven Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs)
Li J, Liang J, Zhang W, +2 · Diabetes Therapy
Across 348,649 GLP-1RA adverse-event reports in the WHO VigiBase database through January 2025, the seven approved GLP-1 receptor agonists show distinct drug-level safety signatures — tirzepatide with abdominal pain (ROR025 53.54), liraglutide with drug-ineffective reports (31.14) and pancreatitis (4.24), exenatide with injection-site pain (70.14) — that complicate the simple class-effect framing and inform personalised prescribing.
- 2026Meta-analysismoderaten=25,847
Tirzepatide Beyond Diabetes and Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multisystem Therapeutic Benefits
Eisa N, Barood O · Endocrine Practice
A 17-RCT, 25,847-patient meta-analysis pooling tirzepatide's multi-organ outcomes: cardiovascular non-inferiority versus dulaglutide (HR 0.92), 38% reduction in HFpEF death-or-HF-event (HR 0.62), MASH resolution in 62% (RR 5.33), 21.9-event/hour drop in apnea-hypopnea index, 5.8 mm Hg SBP reduction, +1.5 mL/min/year eGFR preservation, and 32.9% hsCRP reduction.
- 2026Reviewmoderate
Incretin-Based Anti-obesity Medications in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Evidence Map
Jensterle M, Janez A · Drugs
Drugs review by the Ljubljana endocrinology group mapping GLP-1RA and dual GIP/GLP-1 RA evidence in polycystic ovary syndrome — liraglutide has the densest PCOS-specific evidence with reproducible weight loss, visceral and hepatic fat reduction, and early signals on androgen and fertility benefits; semaglutide and tirzepatide data remain extrapolative.
- 2026Reviewmoderate
FDA-Approved Drugs Containing D-Amino Acids: A Historical and Developmental Perspective
Tran L, Nguyen TD, Gad AG, +6 · Drug Development Research
More than twenty FDA-approved drugs incorporate at least one D-amino acid; bremelanotide (PT-141) — the cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin agonist approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder — is one of them, and the chemistry that made approval possible is the same chemistry the gray-market melanocortin landscape now leans on.
- 2026Reviewmoderate
Mitochondrial dysfunction-driven inflammation and β-Cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications
Yadav S, Kumar G, Kumar S, +2 · Molecular Biology Reports
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants MitoQ and SS-31 appear in this 2026 Molecular Biology Reports T2DM review as candidate β-cell-preserving therapeutics, alongside the explicit caveat that poor tissue specificity, poor bioavailability, and patient-to-patient variability remain the dominant translational barriers.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=1,183,817
Depressed mood and suicidal thoughts reporting with GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A WHO VigiBase study
Aboukaoud M, Hoch B, Weiser M, +1 · Journal of Affective Disorders
Across 1,183,817 GLP-1RA adverse-event reports in the WHO VigiBase pharmacovigilance database, semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide all showed elevated reporting of depressed mood (adjusted ROR0.25: 2.13, 1.52, 1.07) and suicidal thoughts (6.76, 2.43, 3.39) — but with no signal for suicide attempts or completed suicide, and with concomitant antidepressant use and comorbid depression 25–120% higher than in comparator drug users, suggesting affective vulnerability drives the signal rather than a uniform drug-specific effect.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=347,026
Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: Scandinavian Cohort Study
Engström A, Svanström H, Hviid A, +3 · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Across 158,961 new users of GLP-1 receptor agonists in Denmark, Norway and Sweden — liraglutide-dominant (72.9% of follow-up) — compared with 188,065 new users of sulfonylureas, GLP-1RA use was associated with a 19% lower incidence of Parkinson's disease over follow-up (adjusted HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.68–0.96), with the signal strengthening to HR 0.74 (0.60–0.93) after excluding or censoring DPP-4 inhibitor users.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=14,844
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity Without Diabetes
Akbar UA, Mondal A, Vorla M, +3 · The American Journal of Cardiology
In a propensity-matched real-world cohort of 14,844 non-diabetic adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and BMI ≥27, GLP-1RA initiation was associated with a 32% relative reduction in 5-year all-cause mortality (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.53-0.88; p=0.003) — extending the SELECT trial signal across multiple GLP-1 agents in real-world practice.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=228
Computational phenotyping of effort-based decision-making in type-2 diabetes on and off semaglutide
Mehrhof SZ, Fleming H, Nord CL · Neuropsychopharmacology
In a pre-registered Cambridge MRC CBU study, adults with type-2 diabetes (N=112, on or off semaglutide) showed a blunted effort-acceptance bias on a computational decision-making task compared with matched controls (N=116) — a metabolic-cognitive shift toward energy conservation that was not restored by semaglutide treatment and was not driven by neuropsychiatric comorbidity or antidepressant use.
- 2026Reviewmoderate
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance
Mendias CL, Awan TM · Sports Medicine
A 2026 Sports Medicine narrative review by the Performance Medicine Institute mapping the pharmacology, safety, and regulatory status of twelve sports-marketed peptides — AOD-9604, BPC-157, CJC-1295, FS-344, GHK-Cu, ipamorelin, MOTS-C, sermorelin, SS-31, tesamorelin, Tβ4, and TB-500 — and the first credible journal-tier framework for clinicians discussing the gray-market peptide channel with patients.
- 2026Mechanisticmoderate
Semaglutide Reverses Ectopic Lipid Accumulation, Impaired Myocardial Perfusion Reserve, and Diastolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Cardiometabolic Heart Disease
Skacel TP, Saleh NR, Pavelec CM, +3 · JACC Basic to Translational Science
In a pair-fed mouse design that isolates weight-independent effects, semaglutide reversed obesity-induced cardiometabolic heart disease — reducing proinflammatory epicardial adipose, ectopic lipid, and myocardial fibrosis, and restoring myocardial perfusion reserve and diastolic strain — while pair-fed controls matched for reduced caloric intake did not.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=36
Semaglutide improves markers of cardiovascular risk in people with HIV
Lake JE, Kitch DW, Kantor A, +3 · AIDS
In the first lipidomic and lipo-/glyco-protein profiling of semaglutide therapy in any population — 36 adults with HIV and MASLD from the SLIM LIVER (ACTG A5371) trial — semaglutide reduced triglycerides, diglycerides, sphingomyelins, and CVD-linked lipoprotein species; 56% with elevated GlycA improved and 32% normalised, with effects independent of changes in weight, liver fat, or insulin resistance.
- 2022Meta-analysismoderaten=135,874
Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and incidence of dementia: Data from pooled double-blind randomized controlled trials and nationwide disease and prescription registers
Nørgaard CH, Friedrich S, Hansen CT, +9 · Alzheimer's & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
Pooled cardiovascular-outcome trials (n=15,820) reported dementia HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.25–0.86) with GLP-1 RA randomization; the parallel Danish nationwide registry of 120,054 patients returned HR 0.89 per year of GLP-1 RA exposure — the load-bearing observational signal that motivated the EVOKE and ELAD interventional programs.
- 2022RCTmoderaten=88
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Positive Modulator of HGF/MET, Fosgonimeton, in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Alzheimer's Disease: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Phase I Clinical Trial
Hua X, Church K, Walker W, +5 · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
First-in-human Phase I trial of fosgonimeton (ATH-1017), the prodrug of the active metabolite ATH-1001 that descends from the Wright/Harding dihexa program — 88 subjects across young healthy, elderly healthy, and Alzheimer's cohorts, with the drug safe and well-tolerated and signals of qEEG gamma-power induction and P300 latency normalization in the AD cohort.
- 2021Opinionmoderate
The regulatory approval of anamorelin for treatment of cachexia in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer in Japan: facts and numbers
Wakabayashi H, Arai H, Inui A · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
Anamorelin received Japanese PMDA approval on 11 December 2020 for cancer cachexia in four indications — the first regulatory approval for cancer cachexia globally and the first GHSR-1a-agonist approval for a muscle-wasting indication, on essentially the same data the EMA had rejected in 2017.
- 2020Mechanisticmoderate
The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats
Vukojevic J, Vrdoljak B, Malekinusic D, +8 · Brain and Behavior
The Sikiric Zagreb group's bilateral-carotid-clamp stroke model in Wistar rats: 10 µg/kg BPC 157 applied as a topical 1 mL bath 30 seconds after a 20-minute reperfusion start prevented hippocampal red-neuron death, restored Morris water maze / beam-walk / lateral-push performance, and shifted the NO-synthase gene-expression panel toward the cytoprotective constitutive isoforms (Nos3, Nos1 up; Nos2 down) — the corpus's load-bearing post-2018 mechanistic candidate for BPC-157 in stroke.
- 2020Cohortmoderaten=104
Increased expression of the mitochondrial derived peptide, MOTS-c, in skeletal muscle of healthy aging men is associated with myofiber composition
D'Souza RF, Woodhead JST, Hedges CP, +8 · Aging
Across 104 healthy men in three age strata, plasma MOTS-c declined 21% from young to elderly cohorts — but skeletal-muscle MOTS-c expression rose 1.5-fold with age and tracked slow-fibre composition, suggesting two distinct tissue-specific regulatory patterns rather than a single age-decline curve.
- 2020Cohortmoderaten=76
Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells
Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, +13 · Clinical Infectious Diseases
In 76 severe COVID-19 patients across two Wuhan hospitals, thymosin α-1 reduced 28-day mortality from 30.0% to 11.1% — restored CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell counts and reduced PD-1/Tim-3 exhaustion markers, with the largest mortality benefit in patients with the deepest lymphopenia at baseline.
- 2020Mechanisticmoderate
The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action
Mitchell W, Ng EA, Tamucci JD, +9 · Journal of Biological Chemistry
Biophysical and molecular-dynamics analysis showed SS-31 partitions into the membrane interfacial region with affinity proportional to surface charge, does not destabilise bilayer structure, and modulates surface electrostatics — refining the Birk 2013 cardiolipin-binding mechanism into a broader 'membrane electrostatic modulation' framework.
- 2020Reviewmoderate
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature
Dominari A, Hathaway D III, Pandav K, +14 · World Journal of Virology
Approved in over 35 countries for hepatitis B and C, with extending use in sepsis, severe infections, vaccine adjunct, and emerging COVID-19 lymphocyte-preservation indications — the deepest cumulative clinical exposure of any peptide on this site.
- 2020Mechanisticmoderate
Predominance of Nootropic or Anxiolytic Effects of Selank, Semax, and Noopept Peptides Depending on the Route of Administration to BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice
Vasileva EV, Kondrakhin EA, Abdullina AA, +2 · Neurochemical Journal
The Zakusov Institute's mouse-strain replication of the Manchenko 2010 route-dissociation finding, extended to three peptides (Selank, Semax, Noopept) across two routes (i.p. vs i.n.) and two genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, C57BL/6). In BALB/c — but not in C57BL/6 — anxiolytic efficacy is higher after intraperitoneal injection while nootropic efficacy is higher after intranasal administration.
- 2018Reviewmoderate
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
Pickart L, Margolina A · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Gene-expression analysis suggests GHK regulates dozens of pathways involved in tissue remodeling — a breadth unusual for a tripeptide and the basis for the renewed scientific interest in copper-peptide therapeutics beyond cosmetics.
- 2018Reviewmoderate
Novel Cytoprotective Mediator, Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Vascular Recruitment and Gastrointestinal Tract Healing
Sikiric P, Rucman R, Turkovic B, +18 · Current Pharmaceutical Design
The authors' central claim is that BPC-157's tissue protection routes through vascular recruitment — activating vessels to reach injury sites or open alternate circulation when the primary route is blocked.
- 2018Reviewmoderate
The International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health Process of Care for Management of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women
Clayton AH, Goldstein I, Kim NN, +14 · Mayo Clinic Proceedings
The ISSWSH consensus algorithm for HSDD diagnosis and treatment — biopsychosocial assessment first, modifiable-factor management second, then central-acting pharmacotherapy with menopausal-status-stratified selection — produced via modified Delphi across 17 international panelists.
- 2018Meta-analysismoderaten=1,879
Safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in early post-stroke recovery: a meta-analysis of nine randomized clinical trials
Bornstein NM, Guekht A, Vester J, +7 · Neurological Sciences
Bornstein 2018 is the manufacturer-aligned meta-analysis that pooled nine Cerebrolysin RCTs across 1,879 patients on the primary NIHSS analysis and reported superiority on NIHSS at day 30 — the positive synthesis the Cochrane review reads more skeptically.
- 2017Mechanisticmoderate
Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis
Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, +6 · Molecular Therapy
Hyaluronic-acid-functionalised polymeric nanoparticles delivered KPV to inflamed colonic tissue at a 12,000-fold lower effective concentration than the free tripeptide and accelerated mucosal healing in DSS colitis — proof-of-concept that the KPV translational problem may be delivery rather than activity.
- 2016Mechanisticmoderaten=30
Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission
Volkova A, Shadrina M, Kolomin T, +4 · Frontiers in Pharmacology
Forty-five genes changed expression 1 hour after a single intranasal 300 µg/kg dose of Selank in rat frontal cortex, with strong positive correlation (r=0.86) to GABA's own effect pattern; by 3 hours, Selank uniquely drove a 128-fold increase in hypocretin (Hcrt) expression — a candidate explanation for why Selank does not produce the sedation that benzodiazepines do.
- 2016Opinionmoderate
Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia
Anker SD, Morley JE, von Haehling S · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
The October 2016 assignment of ICD-10-CM code M62.84 separated sarcopenia from cachexia, disuse atrophy, and inflammatory myopathy — the bureaucratic act that formalized sarcopenia as a discrete clinical entity rather than an aspect of frailty or aging in general.
- 2016Reviewmoderate
Definitions of Sexual Dysfunctions in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015
McCabe MP, Sharlip ID, Atalla E, +6 · Journal of Sexual Medicine
The Fourth ICSM consensus reconciliation of DSM-5, ICD-10, and society-specific definitions for sexual dysfunctions — the framework reference for HSDD, FSIAD, female orgasmic disorder, and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder against which contemporary trials are designed and contemporary pharmacology is labeled.
- 2015Reviewmoderate
Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases
Camerini R, Garaci E · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
Camerini and Garaci — the field's senior authors — survey three decades of thymosin α-1 clinical data: hepatitis B and C, sepsis, aspergillosis in bone-marrow transplant recipients, vaccine adjunction in immunosenescent populations. The synthesis that frames the molecule's mechanism (TLR-9 / TLR-2 antagonism, IDO induction in dendritic cells, T-cell maturation) and its place in modern infectious-disease management.
- 2014Reviewmoderate
The cardiovascular action of hexarelin
Mao Y, Tokudome T, Kishimoto I · Journal of Geriatric Cardiology
Synthesis of the hexarelin cardiac biology: acute LVEF improvement, ischemia-reperfusion protection in hypophysectomised rats, attenuation of cardiac fibrosis and LV hypertrophy, suppression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis — a body of work mechanistically anchored to CD36 binding that no other GHRP has accumulated.
- 2013Reviewmoderaten=925
Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans
Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D · Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Integrated safety across six randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled AOD-9604 trials (~925 subjects, doses to 54 mg oral, durations to 24 weeks): no IGF-1 elevation, no insulin resistance, no impaired glucose tolerance, no anti-AOD-9604 antibodies, and no serious adverse events attributed to study drug. The published file that compounding-pharmacy AOD-9604 marketing in 2026 most commonly cites.
- 2010Reviewmoderate
The melanocortin system in control of inflammation
Catania A, Lonati C, Sordi A, +3 · TheScientificWorldJournal
The Milan group's synthesis of two decades of melanocortin anti-inflammatory work — alpha-MSH and KPV across endotoxin shock, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, brain inflammation, intestinal inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis — with explicit attention to how the C-terminal tripeptide preserves activity while shedding the pigmentary signal that makes the parent hormone clinically unworkable for chronic anti-inflammatory use.
- 2010Mechanisticmoderate
The nootropic and analgesic effects of Semax given via different routes
Manchenko DM, Glazova NYu, Levitskaya NG, +3 · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
The Manchenko / Glazova / Levitskaya route-dissociation paper: intraperitoneal Semax produces both nootropic and analgesic effects in white rats with different dose-response curves, while intranasal Semax produces a stronger nootropic effect than i.p. but no analgesic effect at all — the operational basis for Semax's clinical nasal-drop route convention.
- 2008Reviewmoderate
Investigation of the spectrum of physiological activities of the heptapeptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue
Levitskaya NG, Glazova NYu, Sebentsova EA, +5 · Neurochemical Journal
The Ashmarin / Moscow State University group's decade-on synthesis of the Semax research program — the thesis that the Pro-Gly-Pro stabilization separated melanocortin neurotropic activity from hormonal activity, enabling chronic dosing without engaging the systemic stress axis.
- 2008Reviewmoderate
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, +2 · Endocrine Reviews
The canonical Endocrine Reviews synthesis of alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide KPV across fever, dermatitis, vasculitis, arthritis, colitis, uveitis, and brain inflammation — the field's high-water-mark review of the pharmacophore-dissection argument for KPV as a non-pigmenting anti-inflammatory.
- 2004RCTmoderate
Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction
Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, +2 · International Journal of Impotence Research
First-in-human safety and efficacy study of intranasal PT-141 in healthy men and men with erectile dysfunction — established the central-mechanism erectile response, dose-related flushing and nausea profile, and the pharmacokinetic floor on which Palatin's male-indication development program was built before it was abandoned for the eventual female HSDD approval.
- 2003Mechanisticmoderate
The optimizing action of the synthetic peptide Selank on a conditioned active avoidance reflex in rats
Kozlovskii II, Danchev ND · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
Selank at 300 µg/kg significantly activated learning in rats with initially poor learning ability, with effects visible after the first dose on training day 1; in normal-learning rats the peak effect appeared on day 3 of repeated administration. The cognitive-optimization companion to the anxiolytic mechanism papers.
- 2003Cohortmoderaten=266
Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG · Neuroendocrinology Letters
Khavinson + Morozov's 266-elderly geroprotective dataset, published in English in Neuroendocrinology Letters one year after the original Russian-language Advances in Gerontology paper. The English version is the international-readership companion to the Russian primary publication.
- 2002Mechanisticmoderate
Effects of Selank on behavioral reactions and activities of plasma enkephalin-degrading enzymes in mice with different phenotypes of emotional and stress reactions
Sokolov OYu, Meshavkin VK, Kost NV, +1 · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
The bridge between Kost 2001 in vitro mechanism and Zozulya 2008 clinical biomarker: in BALB/c mice (high anxiety phenotype), 100 µg/kg Selank produced an anxiolytic effect and prolonged plasma leu-enkephalin half-life; in C57BL/6 mice (low anxiety phenotype), it did neither. Strain-dependent responsivity consistent with an opioidergic mechanism.
- 2002Cohortmoderaten=266
Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG · Advances in Gerontology (Uspekhi Gerontologii)
266 elderly participants over 6–8 years on Khavinson's thymic and pineal peptide extracts — the longest-duration human geroprotective dataset published Russian-only, reporting a 2.0–4.1-fold mortality decrease against age-matched controls.
- 2001Mechanisticmoderate
Semax and Selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes of human serum
Kost NV, Sokolov OYu, Gabaeva MV, +3 · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
The foundational mechanism paper: Semax and Selank inhibit human serum enkephalin-degrading enzymes in vitro with IC50 values of 10 µM and 20 µM respectively — roughly three orders of magnitude more potent than the standard inhibitor puromycin (IC50 10 mM).
- 2000Mechanisticmoderate
The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures
Siméon A, Emonard H, Hornebeck W, +1 · Life Sciences
GHK-Cu raised MMP-2 levels, MMP-2 mRNA, and TIMP-1/TIMP-2 secretion in fibroblast cultures — and the effect was driven by the copper ion rather than the bare tripeptide. The second-pillar mechanistic primary establishing GHK-Cu as a coordinated matrix-remodelling signal rather than a one-way collagen-deposition driver.
- 1998Mechanisticmoderate
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB activation induced by various inflammatory agents
Manna SK, Aggarwal BB · Journal of Immunology
The foundational in-vitro demonstration that alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide KPV block NF-κB activation across diverse stimuli — TNF-α, IL-1, phorbol ester, hydrogen peroxide, LPS, ceramide, and okadaic acid — at low nanomolar concentrations, inhibiting IκBα degradation and blocking p65 nuclear translocation in human myeloid and lymphoid cell lines.
- 1997Cohortmoderaten=110
Effectiveness of Semax in the acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Miasoedov NF, +3 · Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
The foundational Russian Semax stroke trial: 30 patients with acute hemispheric ischemic stroke received 12–18 mg/day intranasal Semax for 5–10 days added to combined intensive therapy and were compared to 80 conventionally treated controls — accelerated regression of motor and general cerebral deficits was the primary clinical finding, anchored by EEG mapping and somatosensory evoked potential correlates.
- 1996RCTmoderaten=36
Synthetic ACTH analogue Semax displays nootropic-like activity in humans
Kaplan AY, Kochetova AG, Nezavibatko VN, +2 · Neuroscience Research Communications
The first international report of Semax cognitive effects in humans, from the Ashmarin inventor group at Moscow State University — three sub-studies (operator performance, EEG during cognitive load, EEG under post-hyperventilation cerebral ischaemia) establishing a long-lasting (20-24 hr post single intranasal dose) cognitive signal at 0.25-1.0 mg.
- 1988Mechanisticmoderate
Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+
Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, +3 · FEBS Letters
The foundational mechanistic primary: GHK-Cu stimulated fibroblast collagen synthesis with peak activity at 10⁻⁹ M, independent of any change in cell number — and the GHK triplet sequence exists inside the alpha-2(I) collagen chain itself, suggesting GHK is liberated by wound-site proteases to drive in-situ repair.
- 1987RCTmoderaten=14
Effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on 24-hour sleep-wake behaviour in severe chronic insomnia
Schneider-Helmert D · European Neurology
Across 14 middle-aged chronic insomniacs given DSIP for seven consecutive nights under double-blind placebo control, night-sleep efficiency rose to control-population values and the effect persisted through the first placebo washout night — the cleanest single-investigator EEG-monitored evidence for DSIP in disturbed human sleep.