Research library
The research library
Every primary source behind a claim on this site, tier-graded for provenance and tagged for the strength of the evidence it carries.
- Sources indexed
- 221
- Peptides covered
- 44
- Tier 1 share
- 25%
- Matching filter
- 20
F·Filter
Reset allT1·Peer-primary literature
Randomized trials, peer-reviewed primary studies, and meta-analyses — the load-bearing layer of the corpus.
5 sources
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestiven=120
Combined antiretroviral therapy with low- or normal-protein, high-calorie diets appears to induce significant deleterious electrocardiographic changes in a rodent model
Chege BM, Mwangi PW, Githinji CG, +1 · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
In 120 Sprague-Dawley rats fed calorie-dense diets and dosed with dolutegravir-based or classical combination antiretroviral regimens for 24 weeks, addition of tesamorelin prevented the ECG conduction abnormalities and myocardial fibrosis seen with dolutegravir or classical cART alone — implicating growth-hormone-axis dysfunction in cART-associated cardiotoxicity.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ (GHK-Cu) Attenuates CuSO4 or LPS induced-inflammation in Zebrafish larvae model
Hu J, Zhang C, Wang F · European Journal of Pharmacology
In a zebrafish larvae inflammation model, GHK-Cu suppressed neutrophil and macrophage migration, downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, upregulated IL-10, and attenuated JAK1 signalling — extending the cosmetic-skin GHK-Cu literature into a whole-organism inflammation readout.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
Anti-inflammatory and anabolic effects of liraglutide on 3D inflammatory osteoarthritic spheroid and scaffold models of human chondrocytes
Ciftci E, Eberlein SC, Grad S, +3 · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
In 3D human-chondrocyte spheroid and scaffold cultures stimulated with IL-1β, liraglutide reduced IL-8 release roughly four-fold (877.8 vs 3127.0 ng), elevated ACAN and PRG4 anabolic markers, and preserved extracellular-matrix composition under cyclic mechanical loading — the first systematic in-vitro mechanistic case for a direct GLP-1RA effect on osteoarthritic cartilage independent of weight loss.
- 2023Mechanisticsuggestiven=30
Thymosin alpha 1 restores the immune homeostasis in lymphocytes during Post-Acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Minutolo A, Petrone V, Fanelli M, +16 · International Immunopharmacology
An ex-vivo study from the Garaci–Matteucci group examining lymphocyte populations in 10 PASC patients, 15 acute-COVID-19 controls, and 5 healthy donors — the only PASC-specific thymosin α-1 paper in the indexed literature, documenting persistent immune dysregulation and partial ex-vivo rescue with greatest effect in patients who had required respiratory support during the acute phase.
- 2015Mechanisticsuggestiven=32
Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in rabbit osteoarthritis model
Kwon DR, Park GY · Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
In 32 rabbits with collagenase-induced knee osteoarthritis, combined weekly intra-articular AOD-9604 plus hyaluronic acid produced better histological cartilage and lameness scores than either agent alone — the only published animal-model evidence for AOD-9604's post-obesity-program orthopaedic indication.
T2·Peer-secondary literature
Peer-reviewed reviews and cohort/observational work — context, not bedrock.
4 sources
- 2022Reviewsuggestive
A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications
Kell DB, Laubscher GJ, Pretorius E · Biochemical Journal
The synthesis paper that frames amyloid fibrin microclots as a central mechanism of long COVID/PASC symptomatology — hypothesis-grade rather than validated mechanism, and the framework that underwrites the coagulation-focused therapeutic rationale that recurs in long-COVID communities.
- 2018Cohortsuggestiven=97
Circulating MOTS-c levels are decreased in obese male children and adolescents and associated with insulin resistance
Du C, Zhang C, Wu W, +7 · Pediatric Diabetes
Circulating MOTS-c was significantly lower in obese male Chinese children and adolescents than in normal-weight controls and correlated inversely with HOMA-IR — the first paediatric demonstration of the mitochondrial-derived-peptide-and-insulin-resistance association predicted by Lee 2015.
- 2013Mechanisticsuggestive
Short cell-penetrating peptides: a model of interactions with gene promoter sites
Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS, +3 · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
The Khavinson group's molecular-modeling proposal for how short peptides like Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) could bind specific DNA promoter motifs — the in-silico mechanism that the rest of the Khavinson program leans on whenever it claims a four-residue peptide can drive selective gene expression.
- 1986Cohortsuggestiven=18
Efficacy of DSIP to normalize sleep in middle-aged and elderly chronic insomniacs
Schneider-Helmert D · European Neurology
18 chronic-insomnia patients across two age strata; middle-aged subjects (29–59) reached normal sleep values by end of one week of DSIP dosing, while elderly subjects (60–83) required the post-treatment follow-up week to achieve the same normalisation — an age-dependent response curve unique in the DSIP literature.
T3·Expert-primary work
Domain-expert primary sources outside the journal pipeline — lectures, podcasts, position papers.
11 sources
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
The GHK-Cu delays aging in Caenorhabditis elegans via coordinated regulation of mitochondrial function and activation of DAF-16/SKN-1 pathways
Wen H, Zhao K, Luo X, +3 · Biogerontology
The first mechanistic model-organism study to show GHK-Cu extends Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan via DAF-16 and SKN-1 activation coupled with restoration of mitochondrial fusion dynamics — a translational bridge between GHK-Cu's well-documented dermatological signal and the broader geroprotective hypothesis.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
Liraglutide alleviates postoperative cognitive impairment via NRF2/NLRP3 signal pathway in aged mice
Sun H, Cheng X, Lei D, +3 · Neuroscience Letters
In aged mice undergoing laparotomy plus transient mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion under sevoflurane, 14 days of liraglutide (300 μg/kg/day) restored Y-maze and fear-conditioning performance, shifted microglia toward an M2 phenotype, preserved synaptic proteins, and activated GLP-1R/NRF2 signalling while suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome — with microglial-depletion experiments showing the mechanism is microglia-dependent.
- 2026Cohortsuggestiven=72
The Association Between Serum MOTS-c Levels and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study
Peng L, Li Y, Duan X, +3 · Biomedicines
In 72 acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing PCI, postoperative peripheral serum MOTS-c levels were significantly lower in the 34 patients who developed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury versus the 38 who did not, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.986 (95% CI 0.976-0.996) — the first human clinical-cohort biomarker data linking endogenous MOTS-c to acute cardiac injury.
- 2026Reviewsuggestive
Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?
Pfaus JG, Balon R · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
James Pfaus — the bench scientist whose preclinical female-rat solicitation work anchored bremelanotide's FDA approval for HSDD in premenopausal women — argues with Robert Balon in JCP that the male-population evidence has matured enough to justify clinical consideration of bremelanotide for male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, despite the drug's current female-only label.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
Elamipretide (SS-31) promotes recovery by preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics and neural remodeling after spinal cord injury
Song Z, Ban Z, Zhao H, +1 · Neurochemistry International
In a mouse thoracic contusion model of spinal cord injury, the mitochondria-targeting peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improved locomotor recovery and gait performance, reduced lesion pathology, attenuated early apoptotic signaling (lower cleaved caspase-3 / Bax, higher Bcl-2), diminished chronic-stage astrogliosis, and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential plus oxidative-phosphorylation protein integrity in oxidatively stressed PC12 cells.
- 2026Cohortsuggestiven=489,785
Semaglutide is associated with stiffness improvement and broad liver benefits with distinct dose- and weight-linked patterns
Soundararajan V, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Murugadoss K, +3 · medRxiv (preprint)
In a de-identified federated EHR network of 489,785 semaglutide-treated adults plus a paired elastography substudy of 326 patients, median liver stiffness fell from 4.85 to 3.9 kPa (−0.38 kPa, p<0.001); 40.8% achieved ≥20% reduction and 80% of those with cirrhosis-range baseline (≥12.5 kPa) hit that threshold — with stiffness improvement appearing in patients with no weight loss as often as in those with ≥10% weight loss, and hepatic GLP1R expression at only 0.0239% suggesting a largely non-direct mechanism.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
IL-15 Plus Thymosin α1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8(+) T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via PI3K/AKT Suppression
Wu F, Guo Z, Guan J, +3 · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
In aged-mouse orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma, IL-15 plus Thymosin α1 combination therapy suppressed tumor growth, prolonged survival, and reversed CD8+ T cell senescence by attenuating PI3K/AKT signalling — the first mechanistic study to combine Thymosin α1's thymic-rejuvenation effect with IL-15-driven peripheral CD8+ T cell rescue in age-related cancer.
- 2026Cohortsuggestiven=63,215
Legacy neuropsychiatric benefit after semaglutide is linked to maximum achieved dose and independent of the maximum weight lost
Murugadoss K, Venkatakrishnan A, Soundararajan V · medRxiv (preprint)
From 489,785 semaglutide-treated adults in a federated EHR network, 63,215 patients with baseline neuropsychiatric conditions showed broadly lower 2-year neuropsychiatric event risk versus propensity-matched metformin, SGLT2i and DPP-4i users; higher attained pre-landmark dose was independently associated with lower post-landmark incidence of substance-related, mood, anxiety, CNS-atrophy, neuromuscular, eating/sleep/behavioral and personality/impulse-control disorders — effects that were weight-loss-independent for most outcomes, with confirmed CNS GLP1R expression in hypothalamus, caudate, putamen, NAcc and cerebellum supporting a direct CNS engagement model.
- 2020Mechanisticsuggestive
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Shortens Duration of Tetracaine- and Oxybuprocaine-Induced Corneal Anesthesia in Rats
Mirkovic I, Kralj T, Lozic M, +13 · Acta Clinica Croatica
BPC 157 eye drops fully reversed tetracaine- and oxybuprocaine-induced corneal anesthesia in rats and counteracted the lesions and tear-volume drop that the topical anesthetics caused — a Sikiric-group ocular paper published bilingually in a Croatian medical journal.
- 2015Mechanisticsuggestive
Epigenetic mechanisms of peptidergic regulation of gene expression during aging of human cells
Ashapkin VV, Linkova NS, Khavinson VKh, +1 · Biochemistry (Moscow)
The Khavinson program's 2015 epigenetic-mechanism paper for the KEDW tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, Pancragen): DNA methylation patterns in aging pancreatic and bronchial cell cultures shift on selected promoters, and KEDW + AEDL are reported to modulate gene expression with tissue specificity — the closest the program has come to a published epigenetic mechanism for its short peptides.
- 2013Reviewsuggestive
Mechanism of biological activity of short peptides: cell penetration and epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Khavinson VKh, Solov'ev AYu, Tarnovskaya SI, +1 · Biology Bulletin Reviews
The Khavinson program's 2013 mechanism review — its published argument for how a dipeptide or tetrapeptide could cross the cell membrane, cross the nuclear envelope, and reach a specific promoter motif on DNA. The cell-penetration half of the story the companion 2013 Bull Exp Biol Med modeling paper leaves on the table.