Research library
The research library
Every primary source behind a claim on this site, tier-graded for provenance and tagged for the strength of the evidence it carries.
- Sources indexed
- 221
- Peptides covered
- 44
- Tier 1 share
- 0%
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Reset allT2·Peer-secondary literature
Peer-reviewed reviews and cohort/observational work — context, not bedrock.
13 sources
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=36
Semaglutide improves markers of cardiovascular risk in people with HIV
Lake JE, Kitch DW, Kantor A, +3 · AIDS
In the first lipidomic and lipo-/glyco-protein profiling of semaglutide therapy in any population — 36 adults with HIV and MASLD from the SLIM LIVER (ACTG A5371) trial — semaglutide reduced triglycerides, diglycerides, sphingomyelins, and CVD-linked lipoprotein species; 56% with elevated GlycA improved and 32% normalised, with effects independent of changes in weight, liver fat, or insulin resistance.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=228
Computational phenotyping of effort-based decision-making in type-2 diabetes on and off semaglutide
Mehrhof SZ, Fleming H, Nord CL · Neuropsychopharmacology
In a pre-registered Cambridge MRC CBU study, adults with type-2 diabetes (N=112, on or off semaglutide) showed a blunted effort-acceptance bias on a computational decision-making task compared with matched controls (N=116) — a metabolic-cognitive shift toward energy conservation that was not restored by semaglutide treatment and was not driven by neuropsychiatric comorbidity or antidepressant use.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=14,844
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity Without Diabetes
Akbar UA, Mondal A, Vorla M, +3 · The American Journal of Cardiology
In a propensity-matched real-world cohort of 14,844 non-diabetic adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and BMI ≥27, GLP-1RA initiation was associated with a 32% relative reduction in 5-year all-cause mortality (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.53-0.88; p=0.003) — extending the SELECT trial signal across multiple GLP-1 agents in real-world practice.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=347,026
Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: Scandinavian Cohort Study
Engström A, Svanström H, Hviid A, +3 · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Across 158,961 new users of GLP-1 receptor agonists in Denmark, Norway and Sweden — liraglutide-dominant (72.9% of follow-up) — compared with 188,065 new users of sulfonylureas, GLP-1RA use was associated with a 19% lower incidence of Parkinson's disease over follow-up (adjusted HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.68–0.96), with the signal strengthening to HR 0.74 (0.60–0.93) after excluding or censoring DPP-4 inhibitor users.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=1,183,817
Depressed mood and suicidal thoughts reporting with GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A WHO VigiBase study
Aboukaoud M, Hoch B, Weiser M, +1 · Journal of Affective Disorders
Across 1,183,817 GLP-1RA adverse-event reports in the WHO VigiBase pharmacovigilance database, semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide all showed elevated reporting of depressed mood (adjusted ROR0.25: 2.13, 1.52, 1.07) and suicidal thoughts (6.76, 2.43, 3.39) — but with no signal for suicide attempts or completed suicide, and with concomitant antidepressant use and comorbid depression 25–120% higher than in comparator drug users, suggesting affective vulnerability drives the signal rather than a uniform drug-specific effect.
- 2026Cohortmoderaten=348,649
Integrated Evidence from VigiBase and Clinical Trials: A Comprehensive Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Seven Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs)
Li J, Liang J, Zhang W, +2 · Diabetes Therapy
Across 348,649 GLP-1RA adverse-event reports in the WHO VigiBase database through January 2025, the seven approved GLP-1 receptor agonists show distinct drug-level safety signatures — tirzepatide with abdominal pain (ROR025 53.54), liraglutide with drug-ineffective reports (31.14) and pancreatitis (4.24), exenatide with injection-site pain (70.14) — that complicate the simple class-effect framing and inform personalised prescribing.
- 2020Cohortmoderaten=104
Increased expression of the mitochondrial derived peptide, MOTS-c, in skeletal muscle of healthy aging men is associated with myofiber composition
D'Souza RF, Woodhead JST, Hedges CP, +8 · Aging
Across 104 healthy men in three age strata, plasma MOTS-c declined 21% from young to elderly cohorts — but skeletal-muscle MOTS-c expression rose 1.5-fold with age and tracked slow-fibre composition, suggesting two distinct tissue-specific regulatory patterns rather than a single age-decline curve.
- 2020Cohortmoderaten=76
Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells
Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, +13 · Clinical Infectious Diseases
In 76 severe COVID-19 patients across two Wuhan hospitals, thymosin α-1 reduced 28-day mortality from 30.0% to 11.1% — restored CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell counts and reduced PD-1/Tim-3 exhaustion markers, with the largest mortality benefit in patients with the deepest lymphopenia at baseline.
- 2018Cohortsuggestiven=97
Circulating MOTS-c levels are decreased in obese male children and adolescents and associated with insulin resistance
Du C, Zhang C, Wu W, +7 · Pediatric Diabetes
Circulating MOTS-c was significantly lower in obese male Chinese children and adolescents than in normal-weight controls and correlated inversely with HOMA-IR — the first paediatric demonstration of the mitochondrial-derived-peptide-and-insulin-resistance association predicted by Lee 2015.
- 2003Cohortmoderaten=266
Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG · Neuroendocrinology Letters
Khavinson + Morozov's 266-elderly geroprotective dataset, published in English in Neuroendocrinology Letters one year after the original Russian-language Advances in Gerontology paper. The English version is the international-readership companion to the Russian primary publication.
- 2002Cohortmoderaten=266
Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG · Advances in Gerontology (Uspekhi Gerontologii)
266 elderly participants over 6–8 years on Khavinson's thymic and pineal peptide extracts — the longest-duration human geroprotective dataset published Russian-only, reporting a 2.0–4.1-fold mortality decrease against age-matched controls.
- 1997Cohortmoderaten=110
Effectiveness of Semax in the acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Miasoedov NF, +3 · Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
The foundational Russian Semax stroke trial: 30 patients with acute hemispheric ischemic stroke received 12–18 mg/day intranasal Semax for 5–10 days added to combined intensive therapy and were compared to 80 conventionally treated controls — accelerated regression of motor and general cerebral deficits was the primary clinical finding, anchored by EEG mapping and somatosensory evoked potential correlates.
- 1986Cohortsuggestiven=18
Efficacy of DSIP to normalize sleep in middle-aged and elderly chronic insomniacs
Schneider-Helmert D · European Neurology
18 chronic-insomnia patients across two age strata; middle-aged subjects (29–59) reached normal sleep values by end of one week of DSIP dosing, while elderly subjects (60–83) required the post-treatment follow-up week to achieve the same normalisation — an age-dependent response curve unique in the DSIP literature.