Research library
The research library
Every primary source behind a claim on this site, tier-graded for provenance and tagged for the strength of the evidence it carries.
- Sources indexed
- 221
- Peptides covered
- 44
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Reset allT3·Expert-primary work
Domain-expert primary sources outside the journal pipeline — lectures, podcasts, position papers.
16 sources
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
The GHK-Cu delays aging in Caenorhabditis elegans via coordinated regulation of mitochondrial function and activation of DAF-16/SKN-1 pathways
Wen H, Zhao K, Luo X, +3 · Biogerontology
The first mechanistic model-organism study to show GHK-Cu extends Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan via DAF-16 and SKN-1 activation coupled with restoration of mitochondrial fusion dynamics — a translational bridge between GHK-Cu's well-documented dermatological signal and the broader geroprotective hypothesis.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
Liraglutide alleviates postoperative cognitive impairment via NRF2/NLRP3 signal pathway in aged mice
Sun H, Cheng X, Lei D, +3 · Neuroscience Letters
In aged mice undergoing laparotomy plus transient mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion under sevoflurane, 14 days of liraglutide (300 μg/kg/day) restored Y-maze and fear-conditioning performance, shifted microglia toward an M2 phenotype, preserved synaptic proteins, and activated GLP-1R/NRF2 signalling while suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome — with microglial-depletion experiments showing the mechanism is microglia-dependent.
- 2026Reviewmoderate
Triple Hormone Receptor Agonism: The Role of Retatrutide in Addressing Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Pillai AA, Godin SL, Frishman WH, +1 · Cardiology in Review
A cardiology-group synthesis of retatrutide's Phase 2 data: 12 mg weekly drives 24.2% body-weight reduction at 48 weeks with 63% achieving ≥20% loss, 2.02% HbA1c reduction with 27% reaching normoglycemia, and 82.4% relative reduction in hepatic fat — alongside an 8.79 mm Hg systolic-pressure drop and a chronotropic safety signal worth monitoring.
- 2026Cohortsuggestiven=72
The Association Between Serum MOTS-c Levels and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study
Peng L, Li Y, Duan X, +3 · Biomedicines
In 72 acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing PCI, postoperative peripheral serum MOTS-c levels were significantly lower in the 34 patients who developed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury versus the 38 who did not, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.986 (95% CI 0.976-0.996) — the first human clinical-cohort biomarker data linking endogenous MOTS-c to acute cardiac injury.
- 2026Cohortsuggestiven=489,785
Semaglutide is associated with stiffness improvement and broad liver benefits with distinct dose- and weight-linked patterns
Soundararajan V, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Murugadoss K, +3 · medRxiv (preprint)
In a de-identified federated EHR network of 489,785 semaglutide-treated adults plus a paired elastography substudy of 326 patients, median liver stiffness fell from 4.85 to 3.9 kPa (−0.38 kPa, p<0.001); 40.8% achieved ≥20% reduction and 80% of those with cirrhosis-range baseline (≥12.5 kPa) hit that threshold — with stiffness improvement appearing in patients with no weight loss as often as in those with ≥10% weight loss, and hepatic GLP1R expression at only 0.0239% suggesting a largely non-direct mechanism.
- 2026Meta-analysismoderaten=63,909
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for obesity in adults: 2026 Update
Ciudin Mihai A, Baker JL, Belancic A, +3 · medRxiv (preprint)
A network meta-analysis pooling 66 RCTs and 63,909 patients across six obesity management medication classes finds tirzepatide and semaglutide as the only compounds exceeding 10% total body weight loss, with semaglutide reducing MACE and all-cause mortality, both incretins benefiting heart-failure outcomes and MASH remission, tirzepatide improving obstructive sleep apnoea, semaglutide improving knee osteoarthritis pain remission and liver fibrosis — and no OMM associated with increased serious adverse events.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
IL-15 Plus Thymosin α1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8(+) T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via PI3K/AKT Suppression
Wu F, Guo Z, Guan J, +3 · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
In aged-mouse orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma, IL-15 plus Thymosin α1 combination therapy suppressed tumor growth, prolonged survival, and reversed CD8+ T cell senescence by attenuating PI3K/AKT signalling — the first mechanistic study to combine Thymosin α1's thymic-rejuvenation effect with IL-15-driven peripheral CD8+ T cell rescue in age-related cancer.
- 2026Cohortsuggestiven=63,215
Legacy neuropsychiatric benefit after semaglutide is linked to maximum achieved dose and independent of the maximum weight lost
Murugadoss K, Venkatakrishnan A, Soundararajan V · medRxiv (preprint)
From 489,785 semaglutide-treated adults in a federated EHR network, 63,215 patients with baseline neuropsychiatric conditions showed broadly lower 2-year neuropsychiatric event risk versus propensity-matched metformin, SGLT2i and DPP-4i users; higher attained pre-landmark dose was independently associated with lower post-landmark incidence of substance-related, mood, anxiety, CNS-atrophy, neuromuscular, eating/sleep/behavioral and personality/impulse-control disorders — effects that were weight-loss-independent for most outcomes, with confirmed CNS GLP1R expression in hypothalamus, caudate, putamen, NAcc and cerebellum supporting a direct CNS engagement model.
- 2026Cohortmoderate
Semaglutide is associated with improved breast cancer survival, lower metastatic burden, and a dose-survival relationship uncoupled from weight-loss magnitude
Murugadoss K, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Soundararajan V · medRxiv (preprint)
In a federated EHR network of nearly 29 million patients with 1:1 propensity-matched pooled-comparator analyses, semaglutide-treated breast cancer patients had 54 deaths/2,433 (2.2%) versus 395 deaths/2,433 (16.2%) in metformin/SGLT2i/DPP4i comparators over 24 months (log-rank P<0.001); high-dose semaglutide (≥1.7 mg) had ~1.0% event rate vs ~4.5% in low-dose (0.25–1.0 mg, P=0.034), while weight-loss strata did not separate survival (P=0.22) — and any-metastasis incidence was 7.0% vs 15.0% (rate ratio 0.5, P<0.001).
- 2026Reviewsuggestive
Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?
Pfaus JG, Balon R · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
James Pfaus — the bench scientist whose preclinical female-rat solicitation work anchored bremelanotide's FDA approval for HSDD in premenopausal women — argues with Robert Balon in JCP that the male-population evidence has matured enough to justify clinical consideration of bremelanotide for male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, despite the drug's current female-only label.
- 2026Mechanisticsuggestive
Elamipretide (SS-31) promotes recovery by preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics and neural remodeling after spinal cord injury
Song Z, Ban Z, Zhao H, +1 · Neurochemistry International
In a mouse thoracic contusion model of spinal cord injury, the mitochondria-targeting peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improved locomotor recovery and gait performance, reduced lesion pathology, attenuated early apoptotic signaling (lower cleaved caspase-3 / Bax, higher Bcl-2), diminished chronic-stage astrogliosis, and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential plus oxidative-phosphorylation protein integrity in oxidatively stressed PC12 cells.
- 2020Mechanisticsuggestive
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Shortens Duration of Tetracaine- and Oxybuprocaine-Induced Corneal Anesthesia in Rats
Mirkovic I, Kralj T, Lozic M, +13 · Acta Clinica Croatica
BPC 157 eye drops fully reversed tetracaine- and oxybuprocaine-induced corneal anesthesia in rats and counteracted the lesions and tear-volume drop that the topical anesthetics caused — a Sikiric-group ocular paper published bilingually in a Croatian medical journal.
- 2015Mechanisticsuggestive
Epigenetic mechanisms of peptidergic regulation of gene expression during aging of human cells
Ashapkin VV, Linkova NS, Khavinson VKh, +1 · Biochemistry (Moscow)
The Khavinson program's 2015 epigenetic-mechanism paper for the KEDW tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, Pancragen): DNA methylation patterns in aging pancreatic and bronchial cell cultures shift on selected promoters, and KEDW + AEDL are reported to modulate gene expression with tissue specificity — the closest the program has come to a published epigenetic mechanism for its short peptides.
- 2013Reviewsuggestive
Mechanism of biological activity of short peptides: cell penetration and epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Khavinson VKh, Solov'ev AYu, Tarnovskaya SI, +1 · Biology Bulletin Reviews
The Khavinson program's 2013 mechanism review — its published argument for how a dipeptide or tetrapeptide could cross the cell membrane, cross the nuclear envelope, and reach a specific promoter motif on DNA. The cell-penetration half of the story the companion 2013 Bull Exp Biol Med modeling paper leaves on the table.
- 2006Reviewmoderate
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle
Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV · Journal of Neurochemistry
Russian sleep researchers Kovalzon and Strekalova argue that after three decades of work, the 'DSIP is a sleep factor' hypothesis remains weakly documented — no receptor identified, no gene confirmed, no consistent acute sleep-induction effect in standardised paradigms. The most rigorous published skepticism toward the foundational DSIP claim.
- 2005Opinionanecdotaln=300
The effect of AOD9604 on weight loss in obese adults: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study
Herd C, Wittert G, Caterson L, +6 · Obesity Research (NAASO Annual Meeting conference proceedings)
The Phase IIa AOD-9604 data — the 1 mg oral dose producing roughly 2.6–2.8 kg weight loss versus 0.8 kg on placebo across 12 weeks in 300 obese adults — was presented as a NAASO conference abstract in 2005 and never developed into a peer-reviewed full-paper publication. The marketing literature in 2026 still cites it as primary evidence.