Peptide encyclopedia
Every compound indexed here carries mechanism, route of administration, half-life, legal status, and the primary sources backing every claim — graded and dated.
- Compounds
- 75
- Source links
- 249
- Therapeutic classes
- 10
- Matching filter
- 21
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Reset allMetabolic / GLP-1
GLP-1 receptor agonists and the obesity / diabetes pharmacology cluster.
21 compounds
01
Research use only
5-Amino-1MQ
5-amino-1-methylquinolinium · 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide · et al.
5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule, not a peptide — and despite vigorous biohacker interest in oral body-recomposition use, the published human evidence base is zero trials.
Half-life·Plasma half-life and oral bioavailability in humans have not…
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02
Research use only
AOD-9604
Anti-Obesity Drug 9604 · Tyr-hGH(177-191) · et al.
The only peptide on this site whose pivotal trial conclusively failed — and the one most commonly stacked into compounded weight-loss protocols anyway. The page exists to reconcile that gap.
Half-life·~30 minutes plasma half-life following intravenous administr…
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03
Research use only
Apraglutide
FE 203799 · apraglutide · et al.
The once-weekly successor to teduglutide — same mechanism, longer half-life, positive Phase III primary endpoint, and an unusually instructive regulatory holdup that turns on dose preparation rather than efficacy.
Half-life·~30–50 hours plasma elimination half-life in humans after su…
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04
Research use only
Cagrilintide
AM833 · AM-833 · et al.
In REDEFINE-1 (n=3,417), CagriSema produced a 22.7% mean weight loss at 68 weeks under the trial-product estimand — below Novo Nordisk's stated 25% target, with cagrilintide-alone delivering 11.8% versus semaglutide-alone 16.1%.
Half-life·~159–195 hours (roughly 6.6–8.1 days) in healthy adults acro…
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05
Prescription only
Exenatide
Byetta · Bydureon · et al.
Exenatide is the founding GLP-1 receptor agonist — the molecule that opened the incretin pharmacology era for diabetes and produced the largest Parkinson's-disease randomized-trial body of any peptide, with a Phase 2 positive readout that the Phase 3 confirmatory trial did not replicate.
Half-life·~2.4 hours plasma half-life for the immediate-release (Byett…
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06
Research use only
GIP
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide · gastric inhibitory peptide · et al.
Physiological GIP was the metabolic peptide that was historically considered a 'fat hormone' for its lipid-storage promotion in adipose tissue — and yet pharmacological GIP-receptor agonism inside tirzepatide produces weight loss, not weight gain. The resolution of that paradox is the editorial center of why the dual-agonist class outperforms GLP-1 monoagonism.
Half-life·~7 minutes plasma half-life for native intact GIP(1-42); rap…
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07
Research use only
GLP-1
glucagon-like peptide-1 · GLP-1 · et al.
GLP-1 is the reference molecule for the most clinically successful peptide drug class of the 21st century; its 1-to-2-minute plasma half-life is the single pharmacokinetic constraint every commercial GLP-1 receptor agonist is engineered to solve.
Half-life·~1 to 2 minutes intravenous plasma half-life in humans, with…
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08
Research use only
GLP-2
glucagon-like peptide-2 · GLP-2 · et al.
The reference molecule for the intestinotrophic peptide class — a 33-residue proglucagon fragment whose seven-minute plasma half-life is precisely the design problem teduglutide and apraglutide were engineered to solve.
Half-life·~7 minutes plasma elimination half-life in humans by intrave…
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09
Prescription only
Glucagon
Glucagen · Baqsimi · et al.
Native glucagon is hyperglycemic by design — the engineered glucagon-receptor agonism inside retatrutide and survodutide is the same receptor used in reverse, leveraged for energy expenditure rather than glycemic rescue.
Half-life·~8–18 minutes plasma half-life IV, 26–45 minutes IM, and 32–…
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10
Prescription only
Insulin
human insulin · regular insulin · et al.
Insulin is the reference peptide therapy — the first hormone purified and given to a patient, the first protein synthesized by recombinant DNA technology, and the molecule against which every subsequent peptide-pharmacology claim is implicitly measured.
Half-life·~4 to 6 minutes plasma half-life for native human insulin on…
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11
Prescription only
Liraglutide
Saxenda · Victoza · et al.
Liraglutide is the GLP-1-class agent that paved the road for semaglutide and tirzepatide — its 2014 Saxenda approval was the first GLP-1 receptor agonist authorized specifically for chronic weight management.
Half-life·~13 hours plasma half-life — a C16 fatty acid acylation enab…
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12
Prescription only
Lixisenatide
Adlyxin · Lyxumia · et al.
Lixisenatide is the only GLP-1 receptor agonist to date with a published double-blind randomized Phase 2 trial in Parkinson's disease that returned a positive primary motor endpoint — LIXIPARK 2024 — though the molecule was commercially discontinued in the US in 2023 and the disease-modifying claim awaits Phase 3 confirmation.
Half-life·~three hours mean terminal plasma half-life — sufficient to …
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13
Prescription only
Mazdutide
LY3305677 · IBI-362 · et al.
Mazdutide is the first dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist approved for chronic weight management in any major jurisdiction — and that jurisdiction is China. In GLORY-1 (n=610), the 6 mg dose produced 14.8% weight loss at week 48 versus 0.5% on placebo, with 50.6% of participants reaching ≥15% loss.
Half-life·~one week — fatty-acid conjugation to plasma albumin slows r…
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14
Prescription only
Pancragen
KEDW · Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp · et al.
Pancragen is the pancreatic entry in the Khavinson short-peptide catalog — same single-laboratory evidence base as Epitalon and Vilon, with a tissue-specificity claim that is mechanistically distinctive but unconfirmed by independent Western replication.
Half-life·Plasma half-life is brief (minutes); the proposed effects on…
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15
Research use only
Pemvidutide
ALT-801 · pemvidutide
Pemvidutide is the third GLP-1 / glucagon dual agonist with positive Phase 2b MASH and Phase 2 obesity readouts — Altimmune's smaller-cap entrant in the same engineered-pharmacology class as Boehringer's survodutide and Lilly's mazdutide, distinguished by a balanced 1:1 receptor-engagement ratio, an unusually preserved lean-mass body-composition signature in MOMENTUM, and a Phase 3 readiness contingent on a single-sponsor financing and execution path.
Half-life·~one week; EuPort glycolipid conjugation drives near-quantit…
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16
Prescription only
Pramlintide
Symlin · AC137 · et al.
Pramlintide is the clinical proof-of-concept that amylin agonism works in humans — a 0.3–0.4% HbA1c reduction and 1–2 kg of weight loss as an insulin adjunct, the foundation on which cagrilintide and the CagriSema program were later built.
Half-life·~48 minutes elimination half-life after subcutaneous adminis…
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17
Prescription only
Retatrutide
LY3437943
Retatrutide is the first triple-receptor agonist (GLP-1, GIP, glucagon) to reach Phase II in obesity — at the highest dose, mean weight loss reached 24.2% at 48 weeks, the largest published pharmacotherapy result to date.
Half-life·~6 days plasma half-life on weekly subcutaneous dosing; the …
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18
Prescription only
Semaglutide
Ozempic · Wegovy · et al.
In STEP 1 (n=1,961), once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide produced a mean 14.9% body-weight reduction at 68 weeks versus 2.4% on placebo.
Half-life·~1 week plasma half-life — the long-chain fatty acid binds a…
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19
Research use only
Survodutide
BI 456906 · NN1177
Survodutide is the GLP-1 / glucagon dual agonist whose Phase 2 obesity readout reached −14.9% mean weight loss at 46 weeks and whose Phase 2 MASH readout produced histologic MASH resolution in 62% of the 4.8-mg group versus 14% on placebo — the two trial results that anchor the most-anticipated Phase 3 program in the metabolic-hepatic pipeline outside of retatrutide.
Half-life·~132–179 hours (roughly 5.5–7.5 days) across the clinical do…
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20
Prescription only
Teduglutide
Gattex · Revestive · et al.
The only FDA-approved peptide on this site for a gastrointestinal indication driven primarily by mucosal-growth pharmacology — and the closest the literature has come to proving GI peptide pharmacology can survive a rigorous Phase III program.
Half-life·~2 hours plasma half-life after subcutaneous administration …
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21
Prescription only
Tirzepatide
Mounjaro · Zepbound · et al.
Tirzepatide is the first dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist to reach approval — and across the SURMOUNT trials it produced obesity-class weight loss (≥20% at the highest dose) that no monotherapy in the history of pharmacotherapy had reached.
Half-life·~5 days plasma half-life — a C20 fatty diacid chain anchors …
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